The symptoms of diabetes are a set of specific clinical manifestations for a certain disease, which indicates to doctors and patients upon occurrence or progression of the pathological process.
Diabetes Mellito is recognized as one of the most common diseases in the world, today they have already suffered 350 million people all over the world. According to statistics, in just two decades, the number of cases has increased by more than 10 times. About 90% of these people - Diabetes of the second type.
If the pathology is identified in the initial stages, you can avoid a huge number of serious complications. This is why it is so important to know what indicates the onset of the disease and how a person must be examined to control this serious endocrine pathology.
Diabetes manifestations do not depend on its type. The human body is able to understand when a sufficient level of energy stops coming from the glucose necessary in this case, in the results of a violation of its metabolism and remains in abundance in the bloodstream, causing enormous irreversible damage to systems and organs. The metabolic processes disturbed in the body are provided by the lack of insulin, which is responsible for the glucose metabolism process. But the characteristics of the pathogenesis of the diabetes of the first and second type have significant differences, so it is necessary to know exactly the symptoms of each of them.
The main symptoms
The lack of insulin in the blood or a decrease in the sensitivity of cells dependent on insulin to the action of insulin in the body leads to a high concentration of glucose in the blood. In addition to this symptom, which is considered the main diabetes, there are other signs that are detected during the patient's medical observation. If the slightest suspicion of the presence of this disease occurs, it is worth looking for medical assistance, since early detected disease is subject to treatments and in the modern world, even school children begin to suffer from diabetes.
The first events
Like the first manifestations of diabetes, doctors call a series of specific symptoms. In diabetes, patients always have polyuria: rapid and abundant urination, due to blood sugar and glucose level in the urine. It is glucosuria that is the cause that prevents the absorption of liquid by renal structures. Polyturia is always accompanied by a thirst in which a person is able to consume up to 10 liters of liquid per day.
Despite the consumption of so many fluids, there is constantly a feeling of dry dry. In case of second type diabetes, together with thirst, a constant feeling of hunger appears. This is due to the fact that the insulin produced by the pancreas in large quantities circulates in the blood and is not used by its purpose, it gives signs to the brain on the feeling of hunger.
A high level of blood sugar causes serious damage to the body. The damage to the nerve fibers leads to the occurrence of diabetic polybopathy. The first sign of this complication is the numbness of the fingers of the feet and hands and the occurrence of severe pain in the limbs. If you start acting in the blood glucose level in a timely way, the development of this process can be stopped and the pain syndrome if you don't stop at all, it will not be so pronounced. However, if you lose the beginning of the progression of the pathology, you can wait very serious consequences: severe pain, innervation, trophic ulcers and other things.
With damage to the high blood sugar of the vases of the eyes, diabetic angiopathy develops. Clinically, at the beginning, the disease manifests itself from a feeling of reward with a high concentration of glucose in the blood, therefore a decrease in visual acuity and even complete blindness are followed in the absence of therapy. The occurrence of any of the aforementioned symptoms, and even more their complex, should force the patient to be urgently examined to detect insufficiency to insulin.
External events
Among the external signs there are also those that indicate the occurrence of insulin -resistance and high blood sugar. For example, such a symptom can be a strong development of dry skin, itching and peeling. It is particularly important to pay attention to these skin manifestations against the background of the concomitant thirst. In addition, with diabetes, itching occurs very often on mucous membranes of genital mucous membranes, due to the irritating effect of glucose contained in the urine. There are no discharges at the same time, which is a distinctive feature of diabetes.
In addition, a strong weight loss is a signal of the first type of diabetes. In this case, it is necessary to observe some other symptoms of pathology so as not to draw hasty conclusions. Obesity and excessive body weight are not a symptom of second type diabetes, but rather they can act as a cause. In any case, if the weight of a person is rapidly changing in any direction without an apparent reason, it is worth paying attention to this and undergoing an exam by a doctor.
Symptoms of diabetes
The first type
The first type diabetes is very quick in its development. It has its specific manifestations to which they should be paid.
The patient has an increase in appetite in his history, but loses only weight, exhausted, suffers from sleepiness. The frequent impulses do not allow the night bath to sleep calmly, forcing them to get up several times. The amount of urine in this case increases significantly, as Seta's feeling progresses.
These symptoms cannot go unnoticed, since they occur very clearly and suddenly. It is accompanied by nausea, vomiting and serious irritability. It is particularly important to pay attention to the constant temptation of the bathroom at night in children, if this had not been previously observed.
The main problem of the first type diabetes is the fact that the glucose level can also increase in the blood and decrease very clearly. Both of these states are dangerous for health and have their own characteristics and manifestations, which must be carefully monitored.
The second type
The most common is the second type of diabetes. Its manifestations are very different, they seem gradually, so it is difficult to capture them and recognize them immediately. Mild symptoms usually do not lead to the fact that a person, after having discovered him at home, starts playing the alarm immediately.
The second type of diabetes is characterized by the occurrence of dry fat, thirst, abundant urination, weight loss, fatigue, weakness and sleepiness. A characteristic of this variety of disease in the early stages is the presence of tingling in the fingers and numbness of the limbs, the hypertonic manifestations, the presence of infectious processes in the urinary system. Likewise, the first type of patient diabetes can be disturbed by nausea and vomiting, dryness and itching of the skin and skin infections.
It is important to remember that the gradual development of symptoms leads to the development of the disease itself. The diabetes in the subsequent stages is framed of the occurrence of a hyperosmular, Lacttoacidosis, ketoacidosis, hypoglycaemia, who earn the momentum in a couple of hours and can even lead to the patient's death. In addition, due to advanced diabetes, patients often have serious vision problems, subsequently leading to complete blindness, renal or cardiac failure, pathology of the vascular and nervous system.
During pregnancy
The gestational sugar of diabetes is rarely manifested by some specific external signs. Very often, its presence is discovered with planned tests that are regularly performed to pregnant women. The main indicators are the data of blood and urine tests.
In the presence of external signs of the gestational type of illness, they are all very similar to the symptoms of the diabetes of the first two types: nausea, vomiting, weakness, thirst, infection in the parental parent system are not signs separately of toxic and other pathologies, but indicate in the second and third quarter of pregnancy on the occasion of the junctional diabetes.
The gestational form of pathology of the direct threat to the life of a mother or a child does not bring, but can affect the general course of pregnancy, the well -being of the future mother and the fetus.
The high blood content in glucose leads to the birth of a child with a high weight (more than 4 kilograms), which in the future will be a prerequisite for its obesity or incidence of diabetes at any age. A delay in the development of the child, hypoglycaemia, of the Elector at the first pores of the newborn life can also manifest itself.
Signs of complications
Diabetic foot
The diabetic foot in medicine is intended as a complete anatomical and functional change in the fabrics of the distal parts of the lower limbs in patients with diabetes. This is the most formidable complication of the pathology in question, often leading to the gangrene, the amputation of the limbs and disability.
If there is a story of diabetes in the state of health of the legs, it is necessary to be monitored very carefully. There are three main forms of diabetic foot: neuropathic (damage of the predominant nerves), ischemic (predominant lesion of the blood vessels and blood flow disorder), mixed.
Among the complaints of patients preceding the diabetic foot, specialists distinguish unpleasant feelings, burning sensations and seaming in the legs, goosebumps, a sense of current discharge. If these symptoms disappear during the walk, this indicates the beginning of the development of the neuropathic form of the diabetic foot. It is also important to pay attention if the sensitivity disappears periodically. If painful sensations occur directly when walking or at night (you can reassure only by washing the limbs from the edge of the bed), then this means that the beginning of the development of the ischemic form of the diabetic foot called "ischemic foot".
Among the Signs indicating the start of the Development of the Diabetic Foot, Experts Distinguish the skin of the skin on the legs or the occurrence of pigment spots, peeling and dry skin in this zone, The occurrence of multi -caliber bubbles on the skin with transparent liquid, often eye corncles, cracks. BETWEEN THE Fingers, Deformation of the Nail Plates On the Legs, Thickening of the skin Kernels, spontaneous fractures of small bones on the legs. If a person notes at least some of these signs, he should urgently look for medical assistance.
Signs of retinopathy
Diabetic ophthalmology occurs from a change in the blood vessels in the retina, leading to a violation of the microcirculation in it. This violation leads to the occurrence of diabetic retinopathy. This complication develops gradually and even in the subsequent stages it can be almost invisible for a person.
The main signs of diabetic retinopathy are:
- the emergence of "flies" in front of the eyes;
- blurred vision;
- decrease in visual acuity in the subsequent stages;
- Hemorrhages in the vitreous body and retina.
In this case, diabetic ophthalmology can manifest itself for two main forms: non -feret (background) or retinal proliferative retinal. With background backpack, pathological concerns, first of all, the retina itself. In the case of violations in the capillary vessels of the retina, hemorrhages, swelling of the retina and deposition of metabolic products occur. Basic retinopathy is characteristic of elderly patients with diabetes. Causes a gradual reduction in visual acuity.
Based on the background, proliferative retinopathy is developing if the osigal support deficiency will increase. In this case, there is a pathological formation of new blood vessels that emerge from the retina in a vitreous body. This process leads to hemorrhages in a vitreous body and a strong progression of vision of vision in an irreversible person and blindness. In adolescence, such a transition of complication from one form to another can occur in a couple of months, the detachment of the retina and the complete loss of vision will follow.
Signs of encephalopathy
Diabetic encephalopathy occurs as a complication of diabetes, due to the degenerative damage spread to the brain. The prevalence of brainopathy depends directly on the type of diabetes and its symptoms - on the duration of the course of the disease and its severity. It belongs to late complications and manifests itself 10-15 years after the demonstration of diabetes.
The immediate cause of the development of encephalopathy are the typical metabolic disorders of diabetes, which lead to damage to brain tissues and blood vessels. The above processes lead to a violation of brain activity, a decrease in cognitive functions. The development of encephalopathy occurs very slowly, which leads to the difficulty of detecting its symptoms in the early stages.
The main symptoms of diabetic brainopathy are:
- headache and dizziness;
- Emotional instability, high effort, sleep disorders and other neurasthenic disorders;
- instability of the human pace;
- The bifurcation of objects when looking at them, the nebula of vision, the flicker of the "flies" in front of the eyes;
- mental and depressive disorders;
- confused consciousness;
- deterioration of mental activity, memory, ability to concentrate;
- Strozi, transient ischemic attacks, other pathologies of brain circulation;
- The occurrence of convulsions.
In the initial stages, there is practically no complication of the clinic and with the development of encephalopathy, the symptoms begin to appear more clearly. The symptoms are identical to both types of diabetes.
Frequent diabetes satellite are atherosclerosis, arterial hypertension and obesity. In relation to the pride of the blood vessels in the event of atherosclerosis, the risk of ischemic blows and heart attacks increases. In the event of violation of the microcirculation in the kidney vessels, irreversible renal failure occurs, which in the end leads to a complete termination of the function of the kidneys. This, in turn, leads to the need for replacement therapy of renal insufficiency with the permanent dialysis method.
Diabetic coma
Diabetic cat means a serious impairment of metabolic processes in the body of a patient suffering from diabetes. A coma can occur both with a strong increase, and with a strong decrease in human blood sugar.
This condition requires urgent medical care, since serious complications and even dead are possible in its absence.
A coma develops in phases, but quite quickly. The first sign of confluence in which it can be a state of fiction, the rapid growth of blood sugar, nausea and vomiting, sleepiness, pain in the abdomen per day or more before the immediate coma. Another symptom of the diabetic coma can be the pungent smell of the Acetone from the patient's mouth. Sensitivity can also occur in convulsions, thirst, thirst.
With a hypoglycemic coma, the concentration of blood sugar decreases clearly. The indicator can reach 2, 5 mmol per liter and lower. Among the obvious symptoms of this coma, unreasonable anxiety, fear of the patient, sense of weakness, cramps, falls of blood pressure and loss of consciousness. The precursors of the occurrence of a hypoglycemic coma can be:
- general malaise;
- in appearance;
- diarrhea or constipation;
- Dizziness, headache, tachycardia.
The lack of assistance in this state can lead to extremely serious consequences. Since the hypoglycemic coma develops quickly, the assistance provided should be urgent.
A strong decrease in blood pressure in the patient, weakening of the wrist and the softness of the eye bulbs can indicate a strong decrease in blood pressure. Only a qualified doctor can bring a person to his senses in this state, so the ambulance call should follow as soon as possible.
Laboratory signs
You can reliably discover the patient's diagnosis only after all the necessary laboratory tests. Any laboratory test for diabetes aims to determine blood sugar indicators.
It is possible to accidentally identify blood sugar with mass exams of a person before hospitalization or with an emergency determination of other indicators.
The most common is a blood test for sugar, on an empty stomach. Before its delivery, nothing can be consumed for 8-12 hours. Also, you can't drink alcohol and you can't smoke an hour before blood donation. The up to 5, 5 mmol per liter level will be considered a normal indicator. If the indicator is 7 mmol per liter, the patient will be sent for further examination. For this purpose, they are tested for glucose tolerance. For this reason, the patient gives the blood on an empty stomach, then drinks a glass of water with sugar (75 grams for an adult for 200 milliliters of water) and 2 hours later he had a blood test prepared.
If the body is in normal conditions, the first analysis will show the result of up to 5, 5 mmol per liter and the second - up to 7, 8 mmol per liter. If the indicators are in the interval, respectively, 5, 5-6, 7 and 7, 8-11, 1 mmol per liter, then this will tell the doctors the development of pre-antiabet in the patient. The indicators that exceed these numbers indicate diabetes.
It is also customary to conduct a study on glycated hemoglobin, demonstrating the average value of human glucose in the last 3 months of life. The norm is the indicator of less than 5, 7%. If the value is between 5, 7 and 6, 4%, this suggests that there is the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. In this case, the measures should be discussed with the doctor to reduce this risk. If the level of glycated hemoglobin is greater than 6, 5%, diagnosis of diabetes is likely, but it requires confirmation. The recommended level of glyted hemoglobin in people with diabetes is less than 7%, if this level is higher, it is necessary to discuss the situation with the attending physician. It should be borne in mind that the doctor's level can be estimated by the doctor above 7% as optimal.
Symptoms of a child
Diabetes can manifest itself at any age, including the first children. The diabetes of newborns is also found. This is a rare case of an innate nature of the disease. Very often, the event in children represents 6-12 years. The metabolic processes in children during this period proceed much faster and the conditions of the nervous system does not format can affect the level of glucose in the blood. The younger is the child, the more complicated the diabetes.
Among the main symptoms to which parents must pay attention so as not to lose the development of diabetes in children, doctors distinguish:
- thirst and dry dry;
- nausea with vomiting;
- frequent urination with staine stickiness;
- weight loss and high appetite at the same time;
- a drop in visual acuity;
- High effort, weakness and irritability.
If a child has at least one of the aforementioned symptoms, this is a reason to look for a doctor. If several symptoms are detected, at the same time, a doctor should be immediate.
Even among the symptoms in children, typical and atypical signs of diabetes may occur. Doctors attribute to the typical symptoms that children of children often confuse with a urinary aggregate advertisement, the polycidal, polyphagic, dryness and itching of the skin, the itching of the genitals after urination, the amount of blood sugar is greater than 5, 5 by letter by letter when a blood test is tested. The timely diagnosis in case of suspicion will help identify the disease in an initial phase and the necessary therapy will begin, which will not allow the development of complications.
Determination of diabetes mellitus at home
The course of diabetes can be absolutely asymptomatic. It can be identified randomly when visiting an optometrist or any other doctor. However, there are many signs with which the presence of pathology can be guessed independently. In addition, at home, you can accurately establish the type of disease.
With a healthy body, after eating blood, sugar levels increase. After 2-3 hours later, this indicator should return to the original borders. If this does not happen, a person has a series of symptoms that cannot be noticed. This is already considered dry dry, thirst, very frequent and abundant urination, an increase in appetite, apathy, cramps, nebulae of consciousness. Gradually, a person begins to notice the dryness of the skin, who previously did not manifest himself.
Even at home, you can suspect the occurrence of diabetes on various strange sensations that a person has not previously observed. In the second type of diabetes, it is a poor healing of wounds and scratches, the development of obesity. In the first type of pathology, a person, on the contrary, can lose strong weight, although the appetite is quite high. Furthermore, with all types of disease, itching skin may occur, increased hair growth on the face, Xanth's formation (small yellow growth on the skin), hair loss in the limbs and others.
The timely identification of diabetes signs should cause a doctor.
Only if the therapy for diabetes starts in the early stages can we hope for compensation for the disease and the normal quality of life in the future.